By by Joel Giffin, DO

Some people are scared of getting cancer, some people worry about having a heart attack, but I personally don’t want to get dementia. This must be a common fear, because probably once a day a patient will ask me “how do I know if I or my loved one has dementia?”. Many people are alarmed by symptoms such as forgetting a name or misplacing your keys. The good news is that some changes in memory are a normal part of aging. At the same time, there are warning signs that should prompt a conversation with your doctor.

What is normal memory loss?

As we age, the brain processes information a little more slowly. Examples of normal age-related memory changes include occasionally forgetting a name but remembering it later, misplacing items like glasses or keys, or walking into a room and forgetting why you went there.

These changes can be frustrating, but they generally do not interfere with daily life. Most people can still manage their finances, medications, appointments, and household responsibilities. Many people find they rely more on reminders, notes, or phone calendars as they get older.

What is dementia?

Dementia is not a single disease. It is a diagnosis of memory loss and thinking problems that become severe enough to interfere with daily life.

People with dementia may struggle to remember recent conversations or events. They may have trouble managing medications, paying bills or following familiar directions. They may have difficulty finding the right words, or may repeat the same questions. Over time, symptoms usually worsen.

There are several causes of dementia. The most common is Alzheimer’s disease. Others include vascular dementia, which is related to blood flow problems in the brain, and other less common conditions.

How do I know if I or a loved one might have dementia?

One of the most important clues is worsening symptoms over time. If memory problems are worsening and starting to affect everyday activities, it is worth discussing with a doctor.

Some warning signs include getting lost in familiar places, or having difficulty managing finances or medications. Family members may also notice personality or behavior changes.

It is important to remember that not all memory problems are dementia. Many treatable medical conditions can affect memory, including depression, poor sleep, medication side effects, thyroid problems and vitamin deficiencies.

What should I do if I’m concerned about memory problems?

Start by talking with your primary care physician, NP or PA. Your doctor may ask questions about symptoms and daily functioning, review medications and might perform blood tests.

What can I do to reduce my risk of dementia?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent dementia, but research suggests several habits may help protect brain health.

Exercise improves blood flow to the brain and supports overall health. Reading, doing puzzles, learning new skills and having social activities help keep the brain engaged.

Managing medical conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol is also important. Getting good sleep and not smoking also play a role in supporting brain health.

The bottom line

Some memory changes are a normal part of aging. However, memory loss that interferes with daily life should be evaluated.

If you are concerned about your own memory—or that of a loved one—don’t hesitate to bring it up with your doctor. Early conversations can lead to answers, treatment when possible, and peace of mind.

Dr. Griffin is a family physician at Allina Health United Family Physicians, 233 Grand Ave, St. Paul, MN 55102, 651-241-5200